人的失误本质及检测的研究

对人的失误本质、定义及特点作了系统的分析研究。针对人的失误产生条件、原因及类型，提出了检测失误与控制失误的技术     

Status report on flood warning systems in the United States

One of the major changes in flash-flood mitigation in the past decade is the number of communities that have implemented warning systems. The authors conducted a survey of 18 early-warning systems in the United States developed by communities or regions to provide protection against flash floods or dam failures. Problems revealed by the study included the following: equipment malfunctions, inadequate maintenance funding, inconsistent levels of protection and expenditure, inconsistent levels of expectations and formalization, varying levels of local commitment to the systems, underemphasis on response capability, and a tendency to over-rely on warning systems. The study also revealed some unanticipated benefits experienced by the survey communities: the warning systems serve as valuable data collection tools, a great deal of interagency cooperation has been demonstrated, and warning systems offer increased alternatives to structural modification projects. The interjurisdictional nature of drainage basins, the evolving roles of the various federal agencies involved in flood mitigation, and the lack of governmental standards of operations for flood warning systems are issues that must be considered as communities make decisions regarding the adoption of warning systems. The record on these systems is too short for a precise assessment of how successful they are; however, results of the study indicate that if the goal of reducing loss of life and property from flooding is to be achieved, warning systems must be only one part of a comprehensive flood loss reduction program.     

饮用水中二氧化氯及其无机消毒副产物的检测技术研究

饮用水的消毒技术及其副产物一直受到广泛的关注,文章重点介绍了国外饮用水中二氧化氯和其无机消毒副产物检测技术以及在中国应用状况.二氧化氯的检测方法有很多种,包括碘量滴定法、紫外分光光度法、荧光光度法、电流滴定法、离子色谱法等.在众多二氧化氯分析方法中,五步碘量法、连续五步碘量法和紫外分光光度法的应用最为广泛.     

江门市污染源在线监控系统数据的应用现状研究

近年来,江门市加大了污染源在线监控系统的建设,以进一步提升对污染源的监控能力,让信息化介入环境保护事业中。相对于传统的环境监测方式,污染源在线监控作为一种先进技术,其数据在提高监督执法效率和管理水平等方面具有突出优势。但因污染源在线监控系统运营和管理的问题,目前江门市污染源在线监控数据未能得到充分利用。结合江门市的实际状况,可从监督管理、第三方运营和计量检定等方面解决改善现状的方法,以最大限度发挥污染源在线监控系统在环境管理中的作用。     

Implications of Land Use/Land Cover Change in the Buffer Zone of a National Park in the Tropical Andes

The impacts of land use and land cover (LULC) change in buffer zones surrounding protected ecological reserves have important implications for the management and conservation of these protected areas. This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of LULC change along the boundary of Rio Abiseo National Park in the Northern Peruvian Andes. Landscape change within four ecological zones was evaluated based on trends expected to occur between 1987 and 2001. Landsat TM and ETM imagery were used to produce LULC classification maps for both years using a hybrid supervised/unsupervised approach. LULC changes were measured using landscape metrics and from-to change maps created by post-classification change detection. Contrary to expectations, tropical upper wet montane forest increased despite being threatened by human-induced fires and cattle grazing of the highland grasslands inside the park. Within the park’s buffer zone, tropical moist forest remnants were fragmented into more numerous and smaller patches between 1987 and 2001; this was in part due to conversion into agricultural land. The methods used in this study provide an effective way to monitor LULC change detection and support the management of protected areas and their surrounding environments.     

加入WTO对我国检测业的影响及对策

本文就加入WTO后我国检测业所面临的形势进行了分析，并就我国检测工作现状、存在的问题和如何应对入世后的挑战提出了对策。     

Electrosensory prey detection in the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae), of a weakly electric mormyrid fish, the bulldog (Marcusenius macrolepidotus)

During their seasonal runs in the Okavango and other freshwater bodies in southern Africa, the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, specialises on the bulldog, Marcusenius macrolepidotus, as its main prey. We examined whether the catfish can locate bulldogs by detecting their pulse-type electric organ discharges (EODs). The electrosensory threshold for single-cycle, monopolar square-wave pulses was exceedingly low (down to 13 μV_p–p/cm for 4-ms pulses) in trained, food-rewarded sharptooth catfish (n=4), confirming the results of Lissmann and Machin who were, however, unable to identify a biological function. Other stimulus pulse waveforms (single-cycle, monopolar as well as bipolar sine-wave pulses) were also effective stimuli according to their spectral low-frequency energy contents (0– 30 Hz). Male bulldogs display an EOD pulse approximately 10× the duration of female EODs (≈0.5 ms). The C. gariepinus threshold for field-recorded playbacks of a male bulldog EOD (of long duration) was 103 μV_p–p/cm, whereas the brief female and juvenile EODs were not detected (using intensities of natural EODs). EODs of other mormyrids were detected when either monopolar or of long duration. Signal source amplitude increased linearly with standard length (SL) in bulldogs. Signal reach, as calculated from signal source amplitude and receiver sensitivity, is up to 150 cm for a large male bulldog (SL 27.5 cm), and 83 cm for a male that has just turned sexually mature (SL 12.6 cm). Therefore, most bulldogs eaten by catfish are probably male, in agreement with the size distribution of bulldogs found in catfish stomachs. These results suggest that sharptooth catfish rely heavily on their acute electrical sense during hunting, and an important function for electroreception in an African catfish has been identified. Received: 13 December 1999 / Revised: 20 April 2000 / Accepted: 20 May 2000     

生物毒性在线监测方法在苏州水源地预警监测中的应用研究

使用明亮发光杆菌作为发光体,在苏州市饮用水源地建立了生物毒性在线监测方法.详细介绍了方法原理及检测过程,通过在线集成实现了连续自动监测,在性能测试、方法比对、毒物测试、相关性分析等方面进行了研究,分析三年连续运行数据确定了本地水样的静态及动态报警限.结果表明,采用生物毒性在线监测方法对传统预警技术进行补充,可以有效弥补水质综合性评估的不足,满足饮用水源地水质在线监测需求.     

T3WS便携式水质快速检测仪在环境监测中的应用研究

便携式水质快速检测仪具有测量速度快、体积小、重量轻、便于携带等特点,特别适用于水质现场快速测定.在T3WS快速检测仪30余个项目中选择六价铬、甲醛、砷、氨氮、硫化物等五项常用指标,进行试管一致性、校准曲线斜率、截距、相关系数、检出限、测定范围、精密度、准确度以及与实验室分析方法比对等试验.结果表明,T3WS快速检测仪测试标准样品测试结果均在允许误差范围内,标准样品及地袁水、废水样品测试结果的相对偏差均小于10％,与实验室分析结果之间最大相对误差分别为-6.1％、15.9％、15％、-7.2％、-21.0％,T3WS便携式水质快速检测仪用于水质现场快速测定结果的精密度与准确度是可以接受的.